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Mysterious X-ray Signal Intrigues Astronomers

For Release: June 24, 2014

CXC

Flame Nebula
Credit: X-ray: NASA/CXC/SAO/E.Bulbul, et al.
Press Image and Caption

A mysterious X-ray signal has been found in a detailed study of galaxy clusters using NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory and ESA's XMM-Newton. One intriguing possibility is that the X-rays are produced by the decay of sterile neutrinos, a type of particle that has been proposed as a candidate for dark matter.

While holding exciting potential, these results must be confirmed with additional data to rule out other explanations and determine whether it is plausible that dark matter has been observed.

Astronomers think dark matter constitutes 85% of the matter in the Universe, but does not emit or absorb light like "normal" matter such as protons, neutrons and electrons that make up the familiar elements observed in planets, stars, and galaxies. Because of this, scientists must use indirect methods to search for clues about dark matter.

The latest results from Chandra and XMM-Newton consist of an unidentified X-ray emission line, that is, a spike of intensity at a very specific wavelength of X-ray light. Astronomers detected this emission line in the central region of the Perseus galaxy cluster using both Chandra and XMM-Newton. They also found the line in a combined study of 73 other galaxy clusters with XMM-Newton.

"We know that the dark matter explanation is a long shot, but the pay-off would be huge if we're right," said Esra Bulbul of the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (CfA) in Cambridge, Mass. who led the study. "So we're going to keep testing this interpretation and see where it takes us."

The authors suggest this emission line could be a signature from the decay of a "sterile neutrino." Sterile neutrinos are a hypothetical type of neutrino that is predicted to interact with normal matter only via gravity. Some scientists have proposed that sterile neutrinos may at least partially explain dark matter.

"We have a lot of work to do before we can claim, with any confidence, that we've found sterile neutrinos," said Maxim Markevitch, a co-author from NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland. "But just the possibility of finding them has us very excited."

One source of uncertainty is that the detection of this emission line is pushing the capabilities of the two observatories in terms of sensitivity. Also, there may be explanations other than sterile neutrinos if this X-ray emission line is deemed to be real. There are ways that normal matter in the cluster could have produced the line, although the team's analysis suggested that all of these would involve unlikely changes to our understanding of physical conditions in the galaxy cluster or the details of the atomic physics of extremely hot gases.

The authors note that even if the sterile neutrino interpretation is correct, their detection does not necessarily imply that all of dark matter is composed of these particles.

"Our next step is to combine data from Chandra and JAXA's Suzaku mission for a large number of galaxy clusters to see if we find the same X-ray signal," said co-author Adam Foster, also of CfA. "There are lots of ideas out there about what these data could represent. We may not know for certain until Astro-H launches, with a new type of X-ray detector that will be able to measure the line with more precision than currently possible."

Because of the tantalizing potential of these results, after submitting to The Astrophysical Journal the authors posted a copy of the paper to a publicly accessible database, arXiv. This forum allows scientists to examine a paper prior to its acceptance into a peer-reviewed journal. The paper ignited a flurry of activity, with 55 new papers having already cited this work, mostly involving theories discussing the emission line as possible evidence for dark matter. Some of the papers explore the sterile neutrino interpretation, but others suggest different types of candidate dark matter particles, such as the axion, may have been detected.

Only a week after Bulbul et al. placed their paper on the arXiv, a different group, led by Alexey Boyarsky of Leiden University in the Netherlands, placed a paper on the arXiv reporting evidence for an emission line at the same energy in XMM-Newton observations of the galaxy M31 and the outskirts of the Perseus cluster. This strengthens the evidence that the emission line is real and not an instrumental artifact.

The paper describing the new Chandra and XMM-Newton observations appears in the July 1st, 2014 issue of The Astrophysical Journal. NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Ala., manages the Chandra program for NASA's Science Mission Directorate in Washington. The Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory in Cambridge, Mass., controls Chandra's science and flight operations.

For an additional interactive image, podcast, and video on the finding, visit:
http://chandra.si.edu

For Chandra images, multimedia and related materials, visit:
http://www.nasa.gov/chandra

Media contacts:
Megan Watzke
Chandra X-ray Center, Cambridge, Mass.
617-496-7998
mwatzke@cfa.harvard.edu


Visitor Comments (13)

Proud to have been the NASA Flight Director to lead this great Shuttle mission STS-93.
My Flight Director call sign is Perseus Flight. How about that?
Keep up the good work.
Bryan Austin

Posted by Bryan Austin on Monday, 10.31.16 @ 14:34pm


So much wars and suicides and self torturing in the space...

Posted by Pijush Banerjee on Wednesday, 06.17.15 @ 09:22am


Howdy. Would you mind if I share your blog with my twitter group? There's lots of people that I believe would really enjoy your content. Please let me know. Thanks

Posted by Smithg508 on Wednesday, 12.31.14 @ 00:50am


Thank you so much.

Posted by geethika on Wednesday, 07.16.14 @ 05:32am


If I am not mistaken, Manuel, Gravitational energy is a form of electromagnetic energy. Therefore, one has no greater significance than the other.
Marv, I am certain that this would not be the first contact with an extraterrestrial species, if in fact it is a form of communication being picked up in these emissions. Through historical analysis of evidence left by earlier humans of their experiences with other-than-Earthbound species, we can reach the conclusion that contact has been previously made.
I hope these comments are helpful and useful.

Posted by Bill Allbritten on Sunday, 07.6.14 @ 12:13pm


Hi. Is gravity force more powerful than
electromagnetic force? What is the main equation relating these two forces?

Posted by manuel gomes on Thursday, 07.3.14 @ 13:39pm


What is radiation - a light, what is its source?

Posted by Stacey on Thursday, 06.26.14 @ 13:13pm


If it can't be seen "or even proven to exist" how can we say it makes up 85% of the universe?
And why dark matter? Why not un-matter... I kind of like that. sounds a little more intriguing...

Posted by cliff brannick on Wednesday, 06.25.14 @ 22:18pm


Those are great.

Posted by Chris West on Wednesday, 06.25.14 @ 21:26pm


Great story. Keep us posted.

Posted by charlena on Wednesday, 06.25.14 @ 19:40pm


I hope this signal indicates first contact with another intelligence. We are not alone.

Posted by Marv Brilliant on Wednesday, 06.25.14 @ 19:01pm


Hello, is it not possible that the idea is wrong with the "photon" being the only one in its group? how about an anti-photon and or an neutral photon or other kind of photons? Could his help explain the dark matter or in whatever it is...

Posted by Bernhard Edgren on Wednesday, 06.25.14 @ 16:50pm


Thank you.

Posted by Adriana Amor on Wednesday, 06.25.14 @ 16:07pm