Images by Date
Images by Category
Solar System
Stars
Exoplanets
White Dwarfs
Supernovas
Neutron Stars
Black Holes
Milky Way Galaxy
Normal Galaxies
Quasars
Galaxy Clusters
Cosmology/Deep Field
Miscellaneous
Images by Interest
Space Scoop for Kids
4K JPG
Multiwavelength
Sky Map
Constellations
Photo Blog
Top Rated Images
Image Handouts
Desktops
Fits Files
Image Tutorials
Photo Album Tutorial
False Color
Cosmic Distance
Look-Back Time
Scale & Distance
Angular Measurement
Images & Processing
AVM/Metadata
Image Use Policy
Web Shortcuts
Chandra Blog
RSS Feed
Chronicle
Email Newsletter
News & Noteworthy
Image Use Policy
Questions & Answers
Glossary of Terms
Download Guide
Get Adobe Reader
More Information
Normal Stars & Star Clusters
X-ray Astronomy Field Guide
Normal Stars & Star Clusters
Questions and Answers
Normal Stars & Star Clusters
Chandra Images
Normal Stars & Star Clusters
Related Podcasts
Tour: NASA's Chandra Catches Spider Pulsars Destroying Nearby Stars
Download Image

More Information
Handout
Handout: html | pdf

More Images
2MASS Infrared
Image of M17
(Credit: 2MASS/UMass/
IPAC-Caltech/NASA/NSF)


Related Images
Rosette Nebula
Rosette Nebula
(06 Sep 01)
Arches Cluster
Arches Cluster
(06 Jun 01)
Orion Nebula
Orion Nebula
(14 Jan 00)
M17:
"X-ray Champagne Flow" Uncorked in Horseshoe Nebula


M17
Credit: NASA/CXC/PSU/L.Townsley et al.

The Chandra image reveals hot gas flowing away from massive young stars in the center of the Horseshoe Nebula, a.k.a. M17, a.k.a. the Omega Nebula. The gas temperatures range from 1.5 million degrees Celsius (2.7 million degrees Fahrenheit) to about 7 million degrees Celsius (13 million degrees F).

A group of massive young stars responsible for the activity in the nebula is located in the bright pink region near the center of the image. Chandra's resolving power enabled astronomers to separate the contribution from these and other stars in the nebula from the diffuse emission.

An infrared image of the Horseshoe Nebula reveals a cloud of much cooler gas and dust shaped like a horseshoe that gives the nebula its name. The hot gas shown by the Chandra image fits inside the cool gas cloud, and appears to have formed the horseshoe shape by carving a cavity in the cool gas. This activity could lead to the formation of new stars in the Horseshoe.

The stars in the Horseshoe Nebula are only about a million years old, so the nebula is too young for one of its stars to have exploded as a supernova and heated the gas. Collisions between high-speed winds of particles flowing away from the massive stars could heat the gas, or the hot gas could be produced as these winds collide with cool clouds to form bubbles of hot gas. This hot gas appears to be flowing out of the Horseshoe like champagne flows out of a bottle when the cork is removed, so it has been termed an "X-ray champagne flow."

A comparison with other young star clusters confirms that massive young stars are responsible for hot gas clouds like the one seen in the Horseshoe Nebula. The Arches cluster, which contains many massive young stars shows this type of cloud, whereas the central regions of the Orion Nebula, which has few massive young stars, does not.

Fast Facts for M17:
Credit  NASA/CXC/PSU/L.Townsley et al.
Scale  Image is approx. 17 arcmin on a side.
Category  Normal Stars & Star Clusters
Coordinates (J2000)  RA 18h 20m 30.39s | Dec -16° 10' 29.7"
Constellation  Sagittarius
Observation Dates  March 02, 2002
Observation Time  11 hours
Obs. IDs  972
Color Code  Energy (Red 0.5-2 keV, Blue 2-8 keV)
Instrument  ACIS
Also Known As Horseshoe Nebula, Omega Nebula
References L. Townsley et al. 2003 Astrophys. J. 593, 874
Distance Estimate  approx. 5,000 light years
Release Date  August 14, 2003