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Andromeda Galaxy:
A New Look at a Close Neighbor
Credit: X-ray: NASA/CXC/MPE/W.Pietsch et al; Optical: NOAO/AURA/NSF/T.Rector & B.A.Wolpa
A New Look at a Close Neighbor
Credit: X-ray: NASA/CXC/MPE/W.Pietsch et al; Optical: NOAO/AURA/NSF/T.Rector & B.A.Wolpa
Visual Description:
Andromeda, the nearest major galaxy to the Milky Way, is shown here in this wide-field optical image from Kitt Peak. The central region of Andromeda is shown in a composite image, with X-rays from NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory (blue) combined with the optical image. Astronomers believe that Andromeda, also known as Andromeda Galaxy (M31), and the Milky Way will merge in a few billion years.
In the composite image, hot, X-ray bright gas is seen to envelop the central region of Andromeda. Point sources are also prominent, mostly from pairs of stars that are interacting with each other.
Many of these double stars are thought to include white dwarfs that are pulling large amounts of material away from a companion star. When the amount of gas being dumped onto the white dwarf gets too high a thermonuclear explosion occurs on the surface of the white dwarf, emitting bright X-rays.
By taking multiple observations of these so-called novae with Chandra and ESA's XMM-Newton observatories, a team of astronomers studied how long the burst of X-ray emission lasts. They found that several novae are bright in X-rays for surprisingly short periods of time, suggesting that the corresponding nova explosions were missed in earlier observations. Such short periods of bright X-ray emission, according to theoretical calculations, indicate that the white dwarfs have relatively high masses. This makes them good candidates for progenitors of Type Ia supernovas, where a white dwarf reaches a mass limit and undergoes a thermonuclear explosion and is completely destroyed. The high masses suggested by the short X-ray outbursts suggests that the white dwarfs do not have to gain very much mass before reaching their limit and being destroyed. A long-running goal in stellar astrophysics has been to identify the elusive stars that explode as Type Ia supernovas.
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Visual Description:
This image of the Andromeda galaxy appears as a large, bright spiral shaped galaxy in the left-center of the image, settled in a starry sky as shown in optical light. In the lower right corner of the image, there is an inset showing an X-ray and optical image of the galaxy's core region. X-rays from NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory are colored in blue and combined with the optical image in whites and greys. The blue X-rays are heavily speckled through the core of the galaxy, interspersed in a very slight spiral pattern. Astronomers believe that Andromeda, also known as M31, and the Milky Way will merge in a few billion years. In the composite close-up image, hot, X-ray bright gas is seen to envelop the central region of Andromeda. Blue point sources are also prominent, mostly from pairs of stars that are interacting with each other.
Revised: September 03, 2025